Objective: Most countries fail to treat individuals with psychopathologies. Investigating treatment barriers and reasons for dropout are key elements to overcoming this scenario. Methods: A representative sample of 2,942 urban-dwelling adults was interviewed face-to-face within a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage probability survey of the general population. Psychiatric diagnosis, severity level, use of services, reasons for not seeking treatment, and treatment dropout were investigated. Results: Only 23% of individuals with a psychopathology of any severity level in the last 12 months received treatment. Low perceived need for treatment (56%) was the most common reason for not seeking treatment. The most visited settings were psychiatric, other mental health care, and general medical care. Among those with a perceived need for treatment (44%), psychological barriers were the most common reason for not seeking it. Treatment dropout was more prevalent among those who visited a general medical care setting. Among individuals still in treatment, human services and psychiatric care were the most common types. Female sex was associated with structural barriers (OR = 2.1). Disorder severity was negatively associated with need barriers (OR = 0.4), and positively associated with structural barriers (OR = 2.5) and psychological barriers (OR = 2.5). Conclusion: Despite the need for treatment and better services, psychological barriers were the major reason for not seeking treatment. Apart from providing more specialists, investing in awareness, de-stigmatization, and information is the ultimate strategy for improving psychiatric care.

Objective: To analyze factors associated with the prevalence of maltreatment and bullying and to identify types of involvement (verbal, physical, social, sexual, cyberbullying) among high school students aged 15 to 19 years. Methods: A cross-sectional, school-based epidemiological survey was performed. The sample included 2,293 adolescents from public and private schools in the Greater Vitoria area (state of Espírito Santo, Brazil). A modified version of the Brazilian Portuguese Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire was used. Results: Among maltreatment behaviors, 43.3% of adolescents reported having been victims vs. 40.4% reporting to be aggressors. Among bullying behaviors, 41% reported victimization and 29.1% aggression. The most frequent types of bullying were verbal (victim = 33.8%, bully = 23.1%), social (victim = 21.8%, bully = 16.9%), and physical bullying (victim = 15.1%, bully = 8.7%). Of those reporting to be victims, 37.5% stated that they did not react as frequently as they were attacked. Almost half of the students (50.9%) identified themselves as victims, without practicing any type of aggression against another schoolmate. School network (public or private) and gender were significantly associated with victimization and aggression behaviors. Conclusion: The adolescents identified as victims did not generally attack other students, i.e., did not identify themselves as perpetrators. The high prevalence of maltreatment and bullying detected in this study, especially the verbal, social, and physical types, underscores the need for interventions addressing bullying in schools.

Objective: Childhood adversities (CAs) comprise a group of negative experiences individuals may suffer in their lifetimes. The goal of the present study was to investigate the cluster discrimination of CAs through psychometric determination of the common attributes of such experiences for men and women. Methods: Parental mental illness, substance misuse, criminality, death, divorce, other parental loss, family violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, physical illness, and economic adversity were assessed in a general-population sample (n=5,037). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis determined gender-related dimensions of CA. The contribution of each individual adversity was explored through Rasch analysis. Results: Adversities were reported by 53.6% of the sample. A three-factor model of CA dimensions fit the data better for men, and a two-factor model for women. For both genders, the dimension of family maladjustment – encompassing physical abuse, neglect, parental mental disorders, and family violence – was the core cluster of CAs. Women endorsed more CAs than men. Rasch analysis found that sexual abuse, physical illness, parental criminal behavior, parental divorce, and economic adversity were difficult to report in face-to-face interviews. Conclusion: CAs embrace sensitive personal information, clustering of which differed by gender. Acknowledging CAs may have an impact on medical and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood.

Objective: To compare intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence rates in 2006 and 2012 in a nationally representative household sample in Brazil. The associations between IPV and substance use were also investigated. Methods: IPV was assessed using the Conflict Tactic Scale-R in two waves (2006/2012) of the Brazilian Alcohol and Drugs Survey. Weighted prevalence rates and adjusted logistic regression models were calculated. Results: Prevalence rates of IPV victimization decreased significantly, especially among women (8.8 to 6.3%). The rates of IPV perpetration also decreased significantly (10.6 to 8.4% for the overall sample and 9.2 to 6.1% in men), as well as the rates of bidirectional violence (by individuals who were simultaneously victims and perpetrators of violence) (3.2 to 2.4% for the overall sample). Alcohol increased the likelihood of being a victim (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6) and perpetrator (OR = 2.4) of IPV. Use of illicit drugs increased up to 4.5 times the likelihood of being a perpetrator. Conclusions: In spite of the significant reduction in most types of IPV between 2006 and 2012, violence perpetrated by women was not significantly reduced, and the current national rates are still high. Further, this study suggests that use of alcohol and other psychoactive drugs plays a major role in IPV. Prevention initiatives must take drug misuse into consideration.

The swamp rats are distributed in Argentina, southern Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil, with two species currently accepted: Scapteromys aquaticus Thomas, 1920 and Scapteromys tumidus Waterhouse, 1837. While S. aquaticus occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and western Uruguay, S. tumidus occurs in Brazil and Uruguay. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of S. aquaticus in gallery forest remnants in Southern Brazil. Karyologic analysis showed 2n = 32 and FNa = 40. Phylogenetic analyses, based on DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene indicate that the Brazilian and the Argentinian specimens of S. aquaticus shared one haplotype, while median joining analysis showed lack of population structure. This register, plus the karyotype data available for Brazilian population, recovered four karyomorphotypes in Brazil, corresponding to the two known species of Scapteromys and two unnamed species. This scenario indicates that more multidisciplinary studies are necessary to understand the actual diversity of Scapteromys.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar as características agronômicas e a composição química de variedades de cana-de-açúcar sob irrigação e sequeiro colhidas em final de safra. O delineamento experimental foi bloco ao acaso, com seis repetições, duas variedades (RB83-5486 e RB86-7515), em dois ambientes: irrigado e sequeiro. As produções de colmo e matéria seca foram favorecidas pela irrigação, com destaque para a RB86-7515. Maiores teores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose e menores teores de matéria seca, Brix, carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) foram registrados nas variedades sob irrigação. A fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e a relação FDN por Brix foram mais elevadas em condições irrigadas e a RB86-7515 apresentou maiores valores. A lignina foi maior na RB86-7515 irrigada. A RB83-5486 apresentou Brix e CNF mais elevados e melhor DIVMS que a RB86-7515. Maior potencial produtivo foi expresso em condições irrigadas, destacando-se a RB86-7515 enquanto a irrigação alterou a composição química, afetando negativamente o valor nutritivo das variedades; já a RB83-5486 apresentou melhor perfil nutricional.

The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and chemical composition of sugarcane varieties, harvested at the end of the dry season, under irrigated and rainfed conditions. The experimental design was in a completely randomized blocks with six replications. Two varieties (RB83-5486 and RB86-7515) under irrigated and rainfed conditions were studied. The stalk and dry matter yield were improved by irrigation, especially in case of RB86-7515. Higher contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and lower contents of dry matter, Brix, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were obtained in the varieties under irrigation. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDF/brix were higher in irrigated conditions, variety RB86-7515 showing higher values. The lignin content was higher in the RB86-7515 under irrigated conditions. The RB83-5486 presented a better content of Brix, NFC and IVDMD than the RB86-7515. High productive potential was expressed under irrigated conditions, with emphasis on the RB86-7515. Irrigation influenced the chemical composition, negatively affecting the nutritional value of varieties. The RB83-5486 showed a better nutritional profile to be used as forage.